High-efficiency spray cooling of electronics with HFE-7100 on finned surfaces

Shihuan Zhang; Xiang Ma; Yonghai Zhang; Xiaoping Yang; Jinjia Wei; Kai Li; Wangfang Du; Zhiqiang Zhu

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127890

High-efficiency spray cooling of electronics with HFE-7100 on finned surfaces

Shihuan Zhang
, Xiang Ma
, Yonghai Zhang
, Xiaoping Yang
, Jinjia Wei
, Kai Li
, Wangfang Du
, Zhiqiang Zhu

School of Chemical Engineering and Technology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

This study investigates spray cooling of HFE-7100 using full-cone nozzles, with varied fin heights (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm) and mass flow rates (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 g·s⁻¹). Straight fins achieved the best performance, reaching a critical heat flux (CHF) of 301 W·cm⁻² and a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 3.8 W·cm⁻²·K⁻¹. This corresponds to a 123 % improvement over the smooth surface. Evaporation efficiency (η) showed nonlinear dependence on fin height due to area enhancement and spray shadowing. Higher mass flow rates reduced η due to the shorter liquid residence time and increased droplet splashing. A CHF correlation based on fin geometry and spray dynamics predicted CHF within 14 % error for smooth and 28 % for finned surfaces.

Original language	English
Article number	127890
Journal	Applied Thermal Engineering
Volume	279
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127890
State	Published - 15 Nov 2025

Keywords

Critical heat flux
Finned surfaces
Heat transfer enhancement
Spray cooling

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10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127890

Cite this

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title = "High-efficiency spray cooling of electronics with HFE-7100 on finned surfaces",

abstract = "This study investigates spray cooling of HFE-7100 using full-cone nozzles, with varied fin heights (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm) and mass flow rates (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 g·s−1). Straight fins achieved the best performance, reaching a critical heat flux (CHF) of 301 W·cm−2 and a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 3.8 W·cm−2·K−1. This corresponds to a 123 \% improvement over the smooth surface. Evaporation efficiency (η) showed nonlinear dependence on fin height due to area enhancement and spray shadowing. Higher mass flow rates reduced η due to the shorter liquid residence time and increased droplet splashing. A CHF correlation based on fin geometry and spray dynamics predicted CHF within 14 \% error for smooth and 28 \% for finned surfaces.",

keywords = "Critical heat flux, Finned surfaces, Heat transfer enhancement, Spray cooling",

author = "Shihuan Zhang and Xiang Ma and Yonghai Zhang and Xiaoping Yang and Jinjia Wei and Kai Li and Wangfang Du and Zhiqiang Zhu",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2025",

month = nov,

day = "15",

doi = "10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127890",

language = "英语",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - High-efficiency spray cooling of electronics with HFE-7100 on finned surfaces

AU - Zhang, Shihuan

AU - Ma, Xiang

AU - Zhang, Yonghai

AU - Yang, Xiaoping

AU - Wei, Jinjia

AU - Li, Kai

AU - Du, Wangfang

AU - Zhu, Zhiqiang

PY - 2025/11/15

Y1 - 2025/11/15

N2 - This study investigates spray cooling of HFE-7100 using full-cone nozzles, with varied fin heights (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm) and mass flow rates (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 g·s−1). Straight fins achieved the best performance, reaching a critical heat flux (CHF) of 301 W·cm−2 and a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 3.8 W·cm−2·K−1. This corresponds to a 123 % improvement over the smooth surface. Evaporation efficiency (η) showed nonlinear dependence on fin height due to area enhancement and spray shadowing. Higher mass flow rates reduced η due to the shorter liquid residence time and increased droplet splashing. A CHF correlation based on fin geometry and spray dynamics predicted CHF within 14 % error for smooth and 28 % for finned surfaces.

AB - This study investigates spray cooling of HFE-7100 using full-cone nozzles, with varied fin heights (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm) and mass flow rates (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 g·s−1). Straight fins achieved the best performance, reaching a critical heat flux (CHF) of 301 W·cm−2 and a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 3.8 W·cm−2·K−1. This corresponds to a 123 % improvement over the smooth surface. Evaporation efficiency (η) showed nonlinear dependence on fin height due to area enhancement and spray shadowing. Higher mass flow rates reduced η due to the shorter liquid residence time and increased droplet splashing. A CHF correlation based on fin geometry and spray dynamics predicted CHF within 14 % error for smooth and 28 % for finned surfaces.

KW - Critical heat flux

KW - Finned surfaces

KW - Heat transfer enhancement

KW - Spray cooling

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105013738450

U2 - 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127890

DO - 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127890

M3 - 文章

AN - SCOPUS:105013738450

SN - 1359-4311

VL - 279

JO - Applied Thermal Engineering

JF - Applied Thermal Engineering

M1 - 127890

ER -

High-efficiency spray cooling of electronics with HFE-7100 on finned surfaces

Abstract

Keywords

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