Halomonas fermentation promoted the biotransformation of active substances from Dictyophora indusiata pileus and the enhancement of antioxidant capacity

Dictyophora indusiata (D. indusiata), a valuable medicinal and edible mushroom, is known for its numerous health benefits, but its pileus is often overlooked. In this study, we utilized Halomonas species TD01 (Halomonas sp. TD01) to ferment extracts of D. indusiata pileus to facilitate the release of bioactive components and enhance antioxidant activity. The results showed that Halomonas sp. TD01 effectively converted the extracts into a series of active metabolites. The fermented broth not only scavenged free radicals directly but also alleviated oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide in HaCaT cells. By increasing catalase activity and glutathione levels, it enhances cellular antioxidant defence mechanisms, and this effect was confirmed to be closely linked to the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, network pharmacological analysis identified potential targets for the antioxidant activity of the fermented broth: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, tumor protein p53, protein kinase B1, albumin, tumor necrosis factor, and insulin. In conclusion, fermentation using Halomonas sp. TD01 effectively transforms active components in D. indusiata pileus and enhances its antioxidant capacity. These findings pave a new way for the development of D. indusiata pileus in potential health benefits and provide strong support for its application in various fields such as food production, cosmetic development, and pharmaceuticals.