Global burden of MDR-TB and XDR-TB attributable to high fasting plasma glucose from 1990 to 2019: a retrospective analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2019

Purpose: High fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) has been identified as a risk factor for drug-resistant tuberculosis incidence and mortality. However, the epidemic characteristics of HFPG-attributable multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) remain unclear. We aimed to analyze the global spatial patterns and temporal trends of HFPG-attributable MDR-TB and XDR-TB from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 project, annual deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of HFPG-attributable MDR-TB and XDR-TB were conducted from 1990 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was employed to quantify trends over time. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the deaths and DALYs due to HFPG-attributable MDR-TB and XDR-TB globally showed an overall increasing trend, with a significant increase until 2003 to 2004, followed by a gradual decline or stability thereafter. The low sociodemographic index (SDI) region experienced the most significant increase over the past 30 years. Regionally, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and Oceania remained the highest burden. Furthermore, there was a sex and age disparity in the burden of HFPG-attributable MDR-TB and XDR-TB, with young males in the 25–34 age group experiencing higher mortality, DALYs burden and a faster increasing trend than females. Interestingly, an increasing trend followed by a stable or decreasing pattern was observed in the ASMR and ASDR of HFPG-attributable MDR-TB and XDR-TB with SDI increasing. Conclusion: The burden of HFPG-attributable MDR-TB and XDR-TB rose worldwide from 1990 to 2019. These findings emphasize the importance of routine bi-directional screening and integrated management for drug-resistant TB and diabetes.