Genetic targeting aromatase in male amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice down-regulates β-secretase (BACE1) and prevents Alzheimer-like pathology and cognitive impairment

As brain testosterone plays both androgenic and estrogenic actions due to its conversion into estrogen via aromatase naturally, it is unclear that the age-related reduction of testosterone increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in men is mediated through androgen alone or both androgen and estrogen mechanisms. Our previous studies using a gene-based approach in mouse model to block the conversion of testosterone into estrogen (aromatase gene knock-out, ArKO), found a depletion of estrogen and increase in testosterone endogenously in males. Here, we use crossing the ArKO mice with APP23 transgenic mice, a mouse model of AD, to produce APP23/ Ar^+/-mice to study the estrogen-independent effect of testosterone on AD. We found a significant reduction in brain plaque formation, improved cognitive function and increase NEP activity in male APP23/Ar^+/- mice compared with age-matched male APP23 controls. In addition, we found, for the first time, a reduction of β-secretase (BACE1) enzyme activity,mRNAlevel and protein expression in the male APP23/Ar^+/- mice, suggesting that endogenous testosterone, independent from estrogen, may protect against AD in males via two major mechanisms, downregulation of BACE1 activities at transcriptional level to reduce β amyloid production and upregulation of NEP activities to enhance bate amyloid degradation.