Generation of localized surface waves at the interface between a linear dielectric and a biased photovoltaic-photorefractive crystal

We study localized surface waves at the interface between a linear dielectric and a biased photovoltaic-photorefractive (PP) crystal. For photovoltaic nonlinear self-focusing, there are two different types of localized surface wave corresponding to the negative and positive values of the guiding parameter. For the photovoltaic nonlinear self-defocusing, there is one type of localized surface waves corresponding to the positive value of the guiding parameter, the part of the energy of localized surface waves concentrated in the nonlinear PP crystal is always higher than that in the linear dielectric and is displaced towards the dielectric-PP crystal interface when the propagation constant is increased, and the power of localized surface waves increases monotonically with the propagation constant. The stability of these localized surface waves for the photovoltaic nonlinear self-defocusing is also investigated numerically. On the other hand, these localized surface waves are those studied previously at the interface between a linear dielectric and a biased non-PP crystal when the bulk photovoltaic effect is negligible and are those at the interface between a linear dielectric and a PP crystal when the external bias field is absent. Crown