Fluid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Joint On-Off Selection and Beamforming With Discrete Phase Shifts

This letter proposes a fluid reconfigurable intelligent surface (FRIS) paradigm, extending the conventional reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology to incorporate position reconfigurability of the elements. In our model, a ‘fluid’ element is realized by a dense matrix of subelements over a given space and dynamically selecting specific elements for signal modulation based on channel conditions. Specifically, we consider a FRIS-assisted single-user single-input single-output (SU-SISO) system and formulate an optimization problem that can jointly optimize element selection and their discrete phase shifts to maximize the achievable rate. To address this problem efficiently, we propose an iterative algorithm based on the cross-entropy optimization (CEO) framework. Simulation results reveal that FRIS achieves significant performance gains over traditional RIS.