Facile synthesis of ultrafine SnO₂ nanoparticles embedded in carbon networks as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

SnO₂@C nanocomposites are easily synthesized in a large scale by the hydrolysis of Sn⁴⁺ ions in a polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel system, followed by the decomposition of Sn(OH)₄ and carbonization of PAA by heat treatment in one-system. The SnO₂@C nanocomposites contain uniform ultrafine SnO₂ nanoparticles (≈4.3 nm) homogenously embedded in a three-dimensional carbon matrix. This unique structure efficiently suppresses the particle pulverization and aggregation of SnO₂, thus maintaining the electrode integrity during long-term lithiation/delithiation process. The discharge capacity of SnO₂@C nanocomposites is maintained at ∼597.3 mAh g⁻¹ after 220 cycles. This scalable approach has great potential in the applications of high-capacity anodes in Li-ion batteries.