Enzymatic electrosynthesis system based on multi-enzyme catalysis or coupled with microbial transformation

Enzymatic electrosynthesis harnesses electrical energy to drive the production of value-added chemicals through enzymatic catalysis. Although single-enzyme-catalyzed electrosynthesis is commonly used, it often presents challenges for complex chemical syntheses in practical applications. As a response, approaches utilizing multi-enzyme catalysis or integrating enzymatic processes with microbial transformations have gained significant attention. This review introduces the design strategies for multi-enzymatic electrosynthesis pathways, explores cofactor regeneration processes, focusing on NAD(P)H and ATP in both enzymatic and electrocatalytic contexts, and summarizes co-immobilization techniques for multi-enzyme systems. Key applications and design principles of microbial-enzymatic hybrid electrosynthesis, whether in single-chamber or separated-chamber setups, are also outlined. Finally, future directions and potential advancements in both academic research and industrial implementation are discussed.