Energy-related approach for reduction of CO₂ emissions: A critical strategy on the port-to-ship pathway

The maritime sector has been searching for efficient solutions to change energy consumptions patterns of ports and ships to ensure sustainable operation and to reduce CO₂ emissions to support sustainable transport in line with International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy guidelines. Therefore, pursuing smart strategies by utilizing renewable energy sources, clean fuels, smart grid, as well as measures of efficient-energy use are beneficial towards attaining the core goals of the IMO, specifically CO₂ emission reduction in the future. In this review work, the main methods and criteria for monitoring CO₂ emission from ports and ships are meticulously presented. Advanced renewable energy technologies connected with sources such as solar, wind, tidal, wave, and alternative fuels and their application in ports to reduce CO₂ are thoroughly examined. In addition, energy-saving techniques and strategies for alternative power and fuels in ships are comprehensively evaluated. The key finding is that port-to-ship interactions such as using zero-emission energy sources or nearly zero-emission approaches could offer significant benefits for CO₂ emission reduction. Finally, it is recommended that smart approaches associated with efficient and clean energy use for the port-to-ship pathways to generate net zero-CO₂ emissions for the maritime shipping sector need further urgent investigation.