Distributed Operation Management of Battery Swapping-Charging Systems

Battery swapping-charging system (BSCS) is a promising solution to provide better battery swapping service to electric vehicles. To achieve the optimal operation of BSCSs, a closed-loop supply chain-based BSCS model is proposed to realize the combined operation of battery charging stations and battery swapping stations (BSSs) while the quality of battery swapping service at BSSs is ensured with a network calculus-based service model. The battery logistics within the BSCS is modeled based on a time-space network (TSN) technique. The charging and the logistics of depleted batteries and well-charged batteries are optimally managed to maximize the revenue of the BSCS. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model with various TSN and operation constraints. Random-permuted alternating direction method of multipliers is applied as a heuristic to solve the problem in a distributed way. Simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed model and the heuristic solution with small optimality losses and less computation time.