Demand response and smart buildings: A survey of control, communication, and cyber-physical security

In this article, we perform a comprehensive survey of the technical aspects related to the implementation of demand response and smart buildings. Specifcally, we discuss various smart loads such as heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs); the power architecture with multibus characteristics; different control algorithms such as the hybrid centralized and decentralized control and the distributed coordination among buildings; the communication technologies and network architectures; and the potential cyber-physical security issues and possible mechanisms for enhancing the system security at both cyber and physical layers. The current status of the demand response in United States, Europe, Japan, and China is reviewed, and the benefts, costs, and challenges of implementing and operating demand response and smart buildings are also discussed.