Cost-reduction implicit exponential Runge–Kutta methods for highly oscillatory systems

In this paper, two novel classes of implicit exponential Runge–Kutta (ERK) methods are studied for solving highly oscillatory systems. First of all, symplectic conditions for two kinds of exponential integrators are derived, and we present a first-order symplectic method. High accurate implicit ERK methods (up to order four) are formulated by comparing the Taylor expansion of the exact solution, it is shown that the order conditions of two new kinds of exponential methods are identical to the order conditions of classical Runge–Kutta (RK) methods. Moreover, we investigate the linear stability properties of these exponential methods. Numerical examples not only present the long time energy preservation of the first-order symplectic method, but also illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of these formulated methods in comparison with standard ERK methods.