Combined Photoredox Catalysis for Value-Added Conversion of Contaminants at Spatially Separated Dual Active Sites

As 2 indispensable counterparts in one catalysis system, the independent reduction and oxidation reactions require synergetic regulation for cooperatively promoting redox efficiency. Despite the current success in promoting the catalytic efficiency of half reduction or oxidation reactions, the lack of redox integration leads to low energy efficiency and unsatisfied catalytic performance. Here, we exploit an emerging photoredox catalysis system by combining the reactions of nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis and formaldehyde oxidation for formic acid production, in which superior photoredox efficiency is achieved on the spatially separated dual active sites of Ba single atoms and Ti³⁺. High catalytic redox rates are accomplished for respective ammonia synthesis (31.99 ± 0.79 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹) and formic acid production (54.11 ± 1.12 mmol g_cat⁻¹ h⁻¹), reaching a photoredox apparent quantum efficiency of 10.3%. Then, the critical roles of the spatially separated dual active sites are revealed, where Ba single atoms as the oxidation site using h⁺ and Ti³⁺ as the reduction site using e⁻ are identified, respectively. The efficient photoredox conversion of contaminants is accomplished with environmental importance and competitive economic value. This study also represents a new opportunity to upgrade the conventional half photocatalysis into the complete paradigm for sustainable solar energy utilization.