Challenges and opportunities for long-distance renewable energy transmission in China

China's renewable energy development is characterized by its substantial volume and rapid growth, with the intention of becoming the primary source of energy consumption. However, there exists an inverse distribution between China's renewable energy production and consumption, necessitating long-distance and large-capacity renewable energy transmission. To facilitate the transmission and utilization of renewable energy, electricity and hydrogen serve as the energy carriers, offering multiple transmission options. This study examined the engineering and technical features of ultra-high voltage transmission, superconducting power transmission, hydrogen pipelines, and superconducting energy pipelines. Taking into account the inherent advantages and future technological advancements, we concluded that a liquid hydrogen superconducting energy pipeline is a suitable energy transmission method for China. Building upon this technology, we proposed a renewable energy transmission scheme. Through an evaluation of its benefits and investment, the scheme demonstrated the potential for cost recovery within 14 years, accompanied by significant energy savings and low carbon emissions benefits.