Association among Gestational Weight Gain, Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharides, and Breast Milk Microbiota─An Evidence in Healthy Mothers from Northwest China

This study investigates the relationship among maternal secretor status, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and the composition of breastmilk microbiota in a cohort of healthy mothers from Shaanxi province, China. The results demonstrated that 78.9% of the mothers were secretors, exhibiting an active fucosyltransferase 2 gene (fut2) and producing α-1,2 fucosylated HMOs, which significantly affected the HMO profile. Secretor mothers had higher levels of 2′-FL and LNFPI in contrast to nonsecretors who displayed high levels of 3′-FL, LNFPII, and LNT. Furthermore, secretor mothers exhibited greater diversity in HMOs compared with nonsecretors, although no significant differences were observed in the breast milk microbiota composition. A correlation was identified between specific HMOs (2′-FL, 3′-FL, 6′-SL, and LNFPI) and the microbiota composition. Notably, mothers with normal weight gain during pregnancy demonstrated higher microbial diversity, with increased abundance of beneficial genera such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Ligilactobacillus. These findings contribute to the development of potential guidelines for providing personalized nutrition.