Analyzing the inter-provincial carbon transfer in China: perspective from social network analysis

China is facing enormous pressure to reduce emissions, and it is necessary to analyze the issue of inter-provincial carbon transfer (CT) to clarify the actual emission reduction responsibilities of each province. This study uses a multi-regional input–output model, carbon Gini coefficient, social network analysis, and quadratic assignment program to explore the inequality of CT, characteristics of CT networks, and influencing factors in 30 provinces in China in 2017. Results show that: 1) In 2017, the carbon Gini coefficients for China's producer responsibility perspective and consumer responsibility perspective were 0.248 and 0.154, respectively. The distribution of CEs is relatively inequitable. 2) Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Henan are at the center of the CT network. Hainan, Qinghai, and Gansu are comparatively peripheral in the network due to their geographic disadvantages and less developed economies. 3) The CT network shows obvious regional imbalances. Regions with developed economies or single industrial structures belong to the main inflow plate in the network, while regions with abundant mineral resources belong to the main outflow plate. 4) Geographic proximity, differences in industrial structures, CEs intensity, and energy consumption intensity are important influencing factors for inter-provincial CT. Overall, there are significant differences in CT characteristics among provinces. Therefore, government managers should fully consider the inequality caused by CT and the differences among different provinces to formulate reasonable and effective policies.