An interactive decision-making model based on energy and reserve for electric vehicles and power grid using generalized stackelberg game

This paper proposes an interactive decision-making model for the operations of electric vehicles (EVs) and power grid, in the perspective of energy and reserve. In this model, EVs optimize their energy and reserve plans considering prices set by the power grid. Meanwhile, the power grid aims to obtain the optimal energy and reserve prices for EVs, in order to maximize its benefits. Afterward, we use the generalized Stackelberg game to formulate the interactive decision-making model, and prove the existence and uniqueness of the generalized Stackelberg equilibrium. Finally, simulation results verify that the proposed interactive model can well enhance benefits of EVs while guaranteeing their quality of charging services.