An electrochemical ti₃c₂t_x aptasensor for sensitive and label-free detection of marine biological toxins

Saxitoxin (STX) belongs to the family of marine biological toxins, which are major contami-nants in seafood. The reference methods for STX detection are mouse bioassay and chromatographic analysis, which are time-consuming, high costs, and requirement of sophisticated operation. Therefore, the development of alternative methods for STX analysis is urgent. Electrochemical analysis is a fast, low-cost, and sensitive method for biomolecules analysis. Thus, in this study, an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor based on aptamer-modified two-dimensional layered Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets was developed for STX detection. The high surface area and rich functional groups of MXene benefited the modification of aptamer, which had specific interactions with STX. Capacitancevoltage (C-V) and constant-capacitance (ConCap) measurement results indicated that the aptasensor was able to detect STX with high sensitivity and good specificity. The detection range was 1.0 nM to 200 nM and detection limit was as low as 0.03 nM. Moreover, the aptasensor was found to have a good selectivity and two-week stability. The mussel tissue extraction test suggested the potential application of this biosensor in detecting STX in real samples. This method provides a convenient approach for low-cost, rapid, and label-free detection of marine biological toxins.