Advancements in semiconductor-based interface engineering strategies and characterization techniques for carrier dynamics in photoelectrochemical water splitting

The application of solar energy has garnered significant attention for alleviating the energy crisis and addressing environmental issues. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising technology for converting renewable solar energy into chemical fuels. Improving the efficiency of energy conversion is undoubtedly crucial for PEC water splitting technology. One of the primary factors that affect PEC performance is the rate of separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers. In this review, some interface engineering strategies for enhancing the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers in a photoanode are briefly presented. Furthermore, recent state-of-the-art advancements in quantifying photogenerated carrier dynamics are summarized. Our purpose is to help readers understand the latest developments in this field and provide a unique perspective for understanding dynamic hole transfer. Finally, a critical perspective is presented on the significant challenges and prospects for developing characterization methods aimed at studying the separation and transfer kinetics of photogenerated carrier at micro-nanoelectrode interfaces.