A ReSCAL-based numerical study on synergistic optimization of photovoltaic arrays for sand control and power generation

In arid desert environments, photovoltaic (PV) arrays not only serve as clean energy suppliers, but also act as physical barriers to mitigate wind-blown sand movement. Based on the Real-Space Cellular Automaton Laboratory (ReSCAL), this study explores the coupled effects of PV array parameters (tilt angle β , array density r _f, and wind direction γ ) on the performances of sand control and power generation of PV arrays. Wind conditions are categorized into Interval A ₁ ( γ ϵ [0, 45°]∪[135°, 225°] ∪[315°, 360°]) and Interval A ₂ (the remaining γ ranges). The results show that β significantly influences sand fixation and blocking capacities, and this influence is amplified by increasing r _f. The sand fixation efficiency peaks at r _f = 0.9. A robust exponential correlation is established between sand accumulation and velocity reduction capacities: ξ _vm = 0.958· e ^{0.4963 ξ nm} ( R ² = 0.97) for Interval A ₁. Leveraging the sand control advantage of vertical PV modules and the power generation superiority of traditional tilted modules, this study proposes a hybrid array configuration. Sequential hybridization, which prioritizes vertical modules in the southern sector, yields optimal performance provided the array scale is constrained (e.g., limited to N _a ≤ 2 array rings) to preserve sand control benefits. A comprehensive evaluation model is further established by monetizing both sand control and power output, yielding an annualized Expected Value of Solar (EVS) of 100 ¥·m⁻²·a⁻¹ and an Expected Value of Blocking (EVB) of 0.4 ¥·m⁻²·a⁻¹. The main contribution is a synergistic optimization framework that balances sand control and power generation. Although vertical installation sacrifices some power generation, it compensates through substantially enhanced sand control, making it the optimal choice for maximizing comprehensive value in high-density arrays ( r _f > 0.8). This approach provides a practical design guideline for desert PV plants.