A perspective on inaccurate measurements in oxygen reduction and carbon dioxide reduction reactions

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) are essential processes to achieve carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, the techniques for evaluating ORR or CO₂RR differ significantly in their operating parameters and conditions, making it difficult to compare or validate the activity of newly prepared catalysts accurately. Here, we discuss various inaccuracies related to operating conditions, methods and protocol differences for ORR and CO₂RR performance measurements, which induce significant variations in the catalytic performance resulting ambiguity in reported data compared to the existing literature. We believe this perspective will pave the way toward ubiquitous methods and protocols to standardize the ORR and CO₂RR performance measurements.