A numerical study of the deposition characteristics of sulfuric acid vapor on heat exchanger surfaces

Accurate predictions of the sulfuric acid condensation behavior on the surfaces of heat exchangers are crucial for understanding the local low-temperature corrosion characteristics of heat exchangers and designing them. In this paper, a new numerical model has been developed to predict the condensation rate of sulfuric acid and condensate acidic solution concentration on heat exchanger surfaces. By correlating the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of H₂SO₄-H₂O solutions from experiments and in conjunction with multi-component diffusion theory, the proposed model obtains numerical solutions of condensation heat transfer under the conditions of a coupled wall and fluid boundary condition and a multi-component mixture of flue gas and the sulfuric acid solution (saturated partial pressure of sulfuric acid and water vapor). The numerical model has been validated by a comparison of the simulation results with available experimental data, and applied to an analysis of the H-type finned tube heat exchanger, which has been widely used in the field of waste heat recovery. The distributions of the condensation rate and condensate concentration on the fin surface are also calculated. The results show that the three dimensional distribution of acid solution concentration is consistent with the fin temperature. An increase in water vapor could result in a sharp reduction of the acid solution concentration and an increase in deposition, which may indicate a serious risk for low-temperature corrosion. In contrast, increasing the flue gas temperature will reduce the corrosion risk by reducing the condensation rate and increasing the acid concentration.