A global slowdown in the enhancement of urban vegetation growth

Cities experience rapid environmental change; thus, vegetation changes in urban areas can provide insights into how vegetation responds to future environmental change. Although previous research has reported a global rise in indirect effects (ω_i) of urban vegetation growth, the specific temporal patterns and changes in this growth improvement remain inadequately investigated. To address this, ω_i trends over the past two decades were analyzed, and data-driven artificial intelligence models were developed to predict future growth under various climate scenarios in 4,983 cities worldwide. The analysis revealed that ω_i exhibited a logistic increase over time, culminating in an approximate 70% enhancement by 2020. However, predictions from the six models indicate a transition to a slower, linear growth pattern moving forward, with additional growth ranging from 16% to 30% between 2020 and 2100. This marks a stark contrast to the rapid growth observed between 2000 and 2020. The analysis identified CO₂ as the primary driver of growth enhancement over the past two decades, but its future influence is expected to decline. Instead, land surface temperature, precipitation patterns, and urban population dynamics are projected to become the dominant factors driving future ωᵢ of vegetation growth. These findings offer critical insights into the future acclimation of urban vegetation, supporting improved forecasting and urban planning under global change.