4D打印: 智能材料与结构增材制造技术的研究进展

4D printing technology is proposed based on 3D printing technology of smart materials and structure. 4D printed entities can be changed with the external environment. The method of additive manufacturing and driving effect of materials, such as shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers, piezoelectric materials, electroactive polymers, light driven polymer and water drive structure, are compared and it is concluded that direct writing printing has the characteristics of wide applicability, while driving performance of a single smart material is limited. Multi-material additive manufacturing can combine many kinds of smart materials with many kinds of drive mode and overcome the shortage of single smart material and structure. The literature review shows that 4D printing research is still in the laboratory stage, it is also required to broaden the intelligent materials, develop the printing software, explore the printing process, investigate the methods for soft materials and solve the problems in intelligent material compatibility, in order that 4D printing can be widely used in medicine, military, aerospace and other fields.