3D printing of drug delivery systems enhanced with micro/nano-technology

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are increasingly important in ensuring drug safety and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Micro/nano-technology has been utilized to develop DDSs for achieving high stability, bioavailability, and drug efficiency, as well as targeted delivery; meanwhile, 3D printing technology has made it possible to tailor DDSs with diverse components and intricate structures. This review presents the latest research progress integrating 3D printing technology and micro/nano-technology for developing novel DDSs. The technological fundamentals of 3D printing technology supporting the development of DDSs are presented, mainly from the perspective of different 3D printing mechanisms. Distinct types of DDSs leveraging 3D printing and micro/nano-technology are analyzed deeply, featuring micro/nanoscale materials and structures to enrich functionalities and improve effectiveness. Finally, we will discuss the future directions of 3D-printed DDSs integrated with micro/nano-technology, focusing on technological innovation and clinical application. This review will support interdisciplinary research efforts to advance drug delivery technology.