氢的高压与液化储运研究及应用进展

Hydrogen energy is a renewable energy source with significant advantages. The vigorous development of hydrogen energy is an effective way to achieve “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” in China. In the whole industry chain of hydrogen energy, including production, storage, transportation, distribution, and application, storage and transportation cost is more than 30%. Hydrogen storage and transportation is the most critical link and the bottleneck of hydrogen energy layout in China. In the next decade, high-pressure gaseous and cryogenic liquid hydrogen will remain the primary storage and transportation methods. Therefore, it is essential to keep abreast of the latest technology and application status of high-pressure gaseous and liquid hydrogen storage and transportation. The first part of this paper reviews the technology, equipment, and application progress of high-pressure hydrogen storage and transportation. High-pressure hydrogen storage uses high-pressure compression to store hydrogen in specially designed containers. High-pressure hydrogen storage containers mainly include high-pressure cylinders and glass hydrogen storage containers. China’s Type IV high-pressure storage cylinders will enter the scale-application stage. The all-composite material, a V-type bottle without an inner liner, is also developing. However, high-pressure gas cylinders have problems with hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen penetration, and composite material failure. The development of material technologies is the key to solving the safety problem. The hydrogen storage density of glass containers can reach 80 kg/m³, and the hydrogen storage pressure can be as high as 180 MPa. As the processing technology and supporting devices of glass hydrogen storage containers still need to be further developed, there is still a distance from its commercial application. Hydrogen is mainly transported by long-tube trailers and pipelines. Long-tube trailers are easy to transport but have a small capacity and are only suitable for short distances. In contrast, the hydrogen pipeline transportation is the cheapest, safest, and most efficient way. However, the initial investment in pipeline constructions is enormous, and the use of natural gas pipelines to transport hydrogen-natural gas mixtures can be actively explored. The second part introduces the progress of liquid hydrogen loss mechanisms, liquid hydrogen storage technologies, transportation equipment, and application. Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation have the advantages of high volumetric hydrogen storage density and high transportation efficiency. However, part of the liquid hydrogen will inevitably vaporize during the storage and transportation process. This paper describes the mechanism of liquid hydrogen loss. The development status of cryogenic materials and thermal insulation technologies is summarized. Selecting appropriate cryogenic materials and thermal insulation technologies can effectively reduce the loss of liquid hydrogen in storage tanks. The fixed storage tank has a large hydrogen storage capacity and a high cost. The mobile type is easy to transport by road, rail, and ship. On land, liquid hydrogen tankers can transport liquid hydrogen at short distances. Marine transportation is carried out by liquid hydrogen barges over long distances. Liquid hydrogen requires high cryogenic and adiabatic properties of the transport pipeline and is not suitable for long-distance transportation. It is generally only used in space launch sites or aerospace engine test sites. The storage and transportation technologies of high-pressure gas and cryogenic liquid hydrogen are relatively mature and have the potential for large-scale applications. Finally, the current situation and main problems of hydrogen storage and transportation are summarized, and suggestions for future development are put forward.